6). One analysis of fire victims' blood showed a trend of declining COHb and a rise in cyanide concentrations (Anderson et al. 1985 and Levin et al. Gaithersberg, MD, Babrauskas V, Twilley WH, Janssens M, Yusa S (1992) Cone calorimeter for controlled-atmosphere studies. Substituted aromatics containing electron withdrawing groups further increase the reactivity of isocyanates by increasing the partial positive charge on the isocyanate carbon via a resonance withdrawing effect. The widespread use of flexible polyurethane foams in furniture and other upholstery, where they are usually covered in some kind of fabric has prompted some authors to investigate the effects of covering the foam on the yield of toxic products. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Toxic product yield data from the smoke density chamber (ISO 56592 2012), the controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter (based on ISO 56601 2002), the fire propagation apparatus (FPA) (ASTM E 2058), the French railway test (NFX) (NF X 70100 2006), and the steady state tube furnace (SSTF) (ISO/TS 19700 2013) were compared to published large-scale enclosure fire data (from a standard ISO 9705 room) for two polymers, polypropylene (PP) and polyamide 6.6 (PA 6.6). Fire Safety Journal 40:439465, Aneja A (2002) Chapter 2, Structureproperty Relationships of Flexible Polyurethane Foams, PhD. These fires are large, relative to the enclosure, and produce greater volumes of effluent, affecting occupants over a much wider part of any building. In 1975, California passed flammability standards known as Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117), which required polyurethane foam and fabrics produced in state to be treated with flame-retardant chemicals . The fire toxicity of polyurethane foams - Fire Science Reviews ISO 13571 (2007) considers the four major hazards from fire which may prevent escape (toxic gases, irritant gases, heat and smoke obscuration). The uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion of cyanide is much more complex than for CO and quantifying CN- in fire victims is more expensive and not routinely undertaken. Two mechanisms have been identified for the toxic effects of cyanide. Andersson B, Markert F, Holmstedt G (2005) Combustion products generated by hetero-organic fuels on four different fire test scales. The authors did not specify which analytical methods were used in the quantification of the fire gases, only that they were sampled via a sampling bag. The data was presented as material-LC50 values for 30min exposures with 14-day post-exposure of test animals and can be found in Tables10, 11 and 12.
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