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This was not found in the Adelaide cohort. Patterns of glycemia in normal pregnancy: should the current therapeutic targets be challenged? Evolving evidence for diabetes treatment for people also managing chronic kidney disease and heart failure; The use of technology for diabetes management and individualized care as well as recommendations for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for people with diabetes based on therapy; Important information on addressing social determinants of health in diabetes; Barriers to and critical times for diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES); Vaccine-specific updates, including those related to COVID-19. 14.1 Starting at puberty and continuing in all women with diabetes and reproductive potential, preconception counseling should be incorporated into routine diabetes care. ACOG and ADA recommend the following target levels to reduce risk of macrosomia Fasting or preprandial blood glucose values < 95 mg/dL Postprandial blood glucose values < 140 mg/dL at 1 hour and < 120 mg/dL at 2 hours Review weekly but may alter based on degree of glucose control Diet and Exercise Nutritional assessment and plan Diabetes-specific counseling should include an explanation of the risks to mother and fetus related to pregnancy and the ways to reduce risk, including glycemic goal setting, lifestyle and behavioral management, and medical nutrition therapy. B, 15.10 When used in addition to blood glucose monitoring targeting traditional pre- and postprandial targets, real-time continuous glucose monitoring can reduce macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia in pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes. Treatment of GDM with lifestyle and insulin has been demonstrated to improve perinatal outcomes in two large randomized studies as summarized in a U.S. Preventive Services Task Force review (59). Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity. 1):S232S243, American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. A. GDM is characterized by increased risk of large-for-gestational-age birth weight and neonatal and pregnancy complications and an increased risk of long-term maternal type 2 diabetes and offspring abnormal glucose metabolism in childhood. A Other oral and noninsulin injectable glucose-lowering medications lack long-term safety data. 14.13 Lifestyle behavior change is an essential component of management of gestational diabetes mellitus and may suffice for the treatment of many women. Topics covered are of interest to clinically oriented physicians, researchers, epidemiologists, psychologists, diabetes care and education specialists and other health care professionals.